MECHANICAL DESIGN TOOLS

<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUpVw4maNqjhnYo3F0Uef64ytsANn4gjZc-4LDkj_0D4mQ5efUwMYYTsIWRYJ0ju3hAopFmENlYm-G5xRtllun9jj1z5fVowURp99YToKKH2Bw-hs30zVAs1UU5k9iuXE0KujMGBauD_8/s320/Load.png"/>
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<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
Common tank erection usually from bottom to top structure but sometimes in certain location its impossible to apply, for example at tank farm live plant which is hot work not allowed in certain elevation so other erection method should be developed in this condition such as application of water curtain, welding habitat etc. <br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
An alternative method is building it from top to bottom by using jacking equipment, in this posting I'm not going to discuss about the erection method since there are so many article and video in youtube with clear explanation, I’d like to share my previous experience how to decide required  qty of jacking tools base on structural simulation.<br />
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<strong><u>PRELIMINARY DATA:</u></strong><br />
Tank Spec:</div>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Roof type : Dome Roof </li>
<li>Diameter : 34747 mtrs </li>
<li>Total Shell Height : 23200 mtrs </li>
</ul>
Jacking tools spec:<br />
<ul>
<li>Each Jack capacity = 12 Ton </li>
<li>Max space between jack = 3.5mtrs (from manufacturer) </li>
<li>Max. actual safe wind load at lifting = 15 m/s </li>
</ul>
Other Data:<br />
<ul>
<li>Max Height allowed for hot work = 14 m </li>
<li>Wind speed at site = 35 m/s per year </li>
</ul>
<div class="fullpost">
<strong><u>SIMULATION DATA:</u></strong><br />
Simulation model build in STAAD-PRO software with sequence as below:<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK7jVar2urex-sbwZf_zZI2H5W8KdChfcyHAPdpAu8zWremzPEodQriFcNl7Lmhs-rU2rlQ9pG1xEyVKKbFj9dUlsW0TmtvPfvji_xnSB2MxDogmclKGdDnBQ2C04DHo0fZI6N1V39RC8/s1600/Jack_Sequence.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK7jVar2urex-sbwZf_zZI2H5W8KdChfcyHAPdpAu8zWremzPEodQriFcNl7Lmhs-rU2rlQ9pG1xEyVKKbFj9dUlsW0TmtvPfvji_xnSB2MxDogmclKGdDnBQ2C04DHo0fZI6N1V39RC8/s320/Jack_Sequence.png" width="320" /></a><br />
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Jacking device layout inside of tank structure with qty = 34 divided equally at circumference<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdtrgxxLbT0_4maJZtorVC1duwrNi4u8V5IO9uNbQcjS6AV-74_3XRKyDOfTtRb9che3n8vmjwBSNYWk02e4OXb2VKFUY7k7mHTQdoFZ2YVzAf9mRHTp-piF0w-MGZCXB4xNZvD3CZeo/s1600/Jack_Layout.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQdtrgxxLbT0_4maJZtorVC1duwrNi4u8V5IO9uNbQcjS6AV-74_3XRKyDOfTtRb9che3n8vmjwBSNYWk02e4OXb2VKFUY7k7mHTQdoFZ2YVzAf9mRHTp-piF0w-MGZCXB4xNZvD3CZeo/s320/Jack_Layout.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Shell Plate thickness arrangement:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPV6TaNiO2aq9TbSFaL5tL1B4h4XIrB9yd3zENwsNWa1FEU4LyQSIqPJGi95tiStPiTii9_pUCCWerOKCxGY-KoYLfo61lVaRPHWGvEaQ52AQi2dkUh9F2pcmbqP0Y_70jpvvtm8kKc0Y/s1600/Tank+Plate+Arrangement.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPV6TaNiO2aq9TbSFaL5tL1B4h4XIrB9yd3zENwsNWa1FEU4LyQSIqPJGi95tiStPiTii9_pUCCWerOKCxGY-KoYLfo61lVaRPHWGvEaQ52AQi2dkUh9F2pcmbqP0Y_70jpvvtm8kKc0Y/s320/Tank+Plate+Arrangement.png" width="305" /></a></div>
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Dead load of roof with all of appurtenance generate by manual calculate = 119546.5 kg, then additional weight of shell plate will generated by software. <br />
First erected structure by jack as per picture below:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwxFKkHN-Zh4YnQFXOr31-x6tTOZdwBmvoY2GdVmKpV_WLmnGBAY0z9bkALU_-hLoi39C-Agc2_FmxoSqZQGBU-GDfbS1zh07mzYjMJi2chlSzfF4uZvhs7Ig0cZaCqnv9J8x8XqZgAg/s1600/1st_lift.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="109" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGwxFKkHN-Zh4YnQFXOr31-x6tTOZdwBmvoY2GdVmKpV_WLmnGBAY0z9bkALU_-hLoi39C-Agc2_FmxoSqZQGBU-GDfbS1zh07mzYjMJi2chlSzfF4uZvhs7Ig0cZaCqnv9J8x8XqZgAg/s320/1st_lift.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<strong><u>DESIGN LOAD:</u></strong><br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Dead Load (DL)</strong> </li>
</ul>
Roof Load = Roof weight / Top angle Lenght<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.8in;">
<span style="color: #333333;">= 119456.5/(3.14 x 34747) =1092 kg/m = 10706.42 N/m</span>
</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Roof Life Load (Lr)</strong> </li>
</ul>
<span style="color: #333333;">Roof life load as per API 650 </span><br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;">= 122.1 kg/sq. mtr (apply in top angle)</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: #333333;">Roof life  load = 122 x roof area / top angle length </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in;">
<span style="color: #333333;">=122 x 1042.97 / 109.5 = 1163 kg/m = 11404.97 N/m</span></div>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Wind Load</strong> </li>
</ul>
    Wind pressure Refer to ASCE, use below equation for height variation                                                                            <br />
    qz    =    0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2      (ASCE 7-10 Para. 27.3.2)                <br />
                                                                                <br />
    P    =    q G Cp - qi (G Cpi)       (ASCE 7-10 Para. 27.4.1)                 <br />
Result as per below table :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtJNu4B-UYk_soxCCG-MRhN6Y9wR11JBh9b4WGbLKpQQLRJfMaztrnsgI5mjZowH3Hfa00AGTXNaSkUZmviODWQ_ZR5nrNQ6OhJAn9KfAOZ-1edHIXIyc0vTr7lEGH7EHpWlcCLoDG4uU/s1600/table+wind.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtJNu4B-UYk_soxCCG-MRhN6Y9wR11JBh9b4WGbLKpQQLRJfMaztrnsgI5mjZowH3Hfa00AGTXNaSkUZmviODWQ_ZR5nrNQ6OhJAn9KfAOZ-1edHIXIyc0vTr7lEGH7EHpWlcCLoDG4uU/s320/table+wind.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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With simplification in applying load as hidrostatc load, vary lineary as per height function<br />
Load Model: 
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUpVw4maNqjhnYo3F0Uef64ytsANn4gjZc-4LDkj_0D4mQ5efUwMYYTsIWRYJ0ju3hAopFmENlYm-G5xRtllun9jj1z5fVowURp99YToKKH2Bw-hs30zVAs1UU5k9iuXE0KujMGBauD_8/s1600/Load.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUpVw4maNqjhnYo3F0Uef64ytsANn4gjZc-4LDkj_0D4mQ5efUwMYYTsIWRYJ0ju3hAopFmENlYm-G5xRtllun9jj1z5fVowURp99YToKKH2Bw-hs30zVAs1UU5k9iuXE0KujMGBauD_8/s320/Load.png" width="320" /></a></div>
    <br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Combination Load:</strong> </li>
</ul>
<span style="color: #333333;">Shell ring plate analysed with load combination for Allowable Stress Design as per ASCE 7-10 para. 2.4</span>
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<ol>
<li>DL </li>
<li>DL + Lr </li>
<li>DL + 0.6 W </li>
<li>DL + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75Lr </li>
</ol>
Design criteria to be applied with max. Von misses equivalent stress compare with yield strength of plate material<br />
Result for plate stress distribution by STAAD PRO for each combination load :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-SrOM7QIRX3b8lyylN1DQn_76xV5DUqS84EB1E04Y7mIoOkxCTYOKsi32DRwkWzuBdBCfNOnhCodBVmjgFRYdqa8iQTGx98lCvZZOB83CnbCZx7KTTa3cw1NFMHbAYKhOgbMGdjCErfQ/s1600/Stress+dist.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-SrOM7QIRX3b8lyylN1DQn_76xV5DUqS84EB1E04Y7mIoOkxCTYOKsi32DRwkWzuBdBCfNOnhCodBVmjgFRYdqa8iQTGx98lCvZZOB83CnbCZx7KTTa3cw1NFMHbAYKhOgbMGdjCErfQ/s640/Stress+dist.png" width="416" /></a></div>
<strong><u><br /></u></strong>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image9.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image21.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image25.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image17.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image12.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image13.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image5[1].png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image2.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$image5.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$tank13.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$clip_image0024.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5587740760374181364" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$clip_image0024.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/$clip_image0024.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><strong><u>ANALYSIS RESULT:</u></strong><br />
<ul>
<li><strong>Max. Plate Stress :</strong> </li>
</ul>
Max Stress caused by Load Combination no.6 DL + LR with result find<br />
11.8 Mpa < 205/2 Mpa (Plate Yield Strength/Safety Factor) ==> <span style="color: blue;"><strong><em>OK</em></strong></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxLPAD9AiIDgfwBCtqx7lyGoUnyI59cTgKrtk1t3LvO_weQI3ySwLKsVapCSPnmSzyWtJPjJy885RNO4HcPyShjwaSUuzLTtQ4K0pavN2bGl2QEQFAdtXxJK30vOJNQD4SICtDXTZ3Ns/s1600/Max+stress.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLxLPAD9AiIDgfwBCtqx7lyGoUnyI59cTgKrtk1t3LvO_weQI3ySwLKsVapCSPnmSzyWtJPjJy885RNO4HcPyShjwaSUuzLTtQ4K0pavN2bGl2QEQFAdtXxJK30vOJNQD4SICtDXTZ3Ns/s320/Max+stress.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<ul>
<li><strong>Reaction Force</strong> </li>
</ul>
Max. Reaction Force caused in last lifting stage 8 with result find<br />
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Max. vertical force that carry by jack device = 11.95 ≤ 12 Ton ==> <strong><span style="color: blue;"><em>OK</em></span></strong><br />
(below max. jack capacity)<br />
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<strong><u>SUMMARY:</u></strong><br />
<ol>
<li>Plate stress in elastic region for every combination load, no indication shell plate will deform in plasticity since von misses equivalent stress result still below yield stress material </li>
<li>Generated Max. reaction force smaller than max. capacity of jacking device </li>
<li>Number of jacking device = 34 ea are sufficient to support stability and integrity of structure with considering structure weight and additional wind load </li>
</ol>